Insulators make sure the energized parts do not touch the ground. All substation equipment in contact with an energized line or bus employs an insulator.
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Relays need to know the current magnitude – either for metering or protection. A current transformer (CT) fulfills this role, stepping down thousands of amps to (typically) 5A which is then fed to a relay.
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Relays need to know the voltage magnitude – either for metering or protection. A voltage transformer fulfills this role – it steps down thousands of volts to 67V/115V in high voltage stations (at the medium voltage the VT’s step it down to 120V) which is then fed to a relay.
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A circuit switcher is a switching device like a circuit breaker. It interrupts the power flow.
It is typically installed on the high voltage side of the transformer.
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Disconnect switches establish isolation points to enable equipment maintenance. They are installed on both sides of the circuit breaker, high-side of the transformer, and on the line exit. Switches cannot and should not be used to interrupt load current or fault current. A switch operation takes place after the circuit is de-energized.
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