A wave trap is a band-stop filter. They are tuned to block a carrier frequency that is injected into the transmission line. Line tuner, on the other hand, is a band-pass filter. Both work hand-in-hand implementing power line carrier pilot protection.
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Surge arresters are primarily used to discharge lightning strikes and switching surges to ground – protecting equipment in the process. Note that arresters are not applied to relieve the system from temporary over-voltages.
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Air has a dielectric strength of 33kV/cm. SF6 gas, on the other hand, has a dielectric strength of ~83kV/cm. Naturally, when the live parts are immersed in a pressurized gas chamber they can be placed a lot closer.
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An inductor prevents sudden change in current magnitude. It is installed in substations to:
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Capacitors consume active power and release reactive power. They also present a low impedance to harmonics in other words they attract harmonic frequencies. Thus, capacitor banks are installed in substations to:
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